介绍欧洲城市罗马 要英文的

时光凉人心 2021-06-30 20:02

• 

  旧鹿麋

  2021-06-30 20:02
  History　　Mainarticle:HistoryofRome　　FromfoundingtoEmpire　　CapitolineWolfsucklestheinfanttwinsRomulusandRemus　　Rome'searlyhistoryisshroudedinlegend.AccordingtoRomantradition,thecitywasfoundedbythetwinsRomulusandRemusonApril21,753BC.[11]ArchaeologicalevidencesupportstheviewthatRomegrewfrompastoralsettlementsonthePalatineHillbuiltintheareaofthefutureRomanForum.WhilesomearchaeologistsarguethatRomewasindeedfoundedinthemiddleofthe8thcenturyBC,thedateissubjecttocontroversy.[12]TheoriginalsettlementdevelopedintothecapitaloftheRomanKingdom(ruledbyasuccessionofsevenkings,accordingtotradition),andthentheRomanRepublic(from510BC,governedbytheSenate),andfinallytheRomanEmpire(from27BC,ruledbyanEmperor).Thissuccessdependedonmilitaryconquest,commercialpredominance,aswellasselectiveassimilationofneighbouringcivilisations,mostnotablytheEtruscansandGreeks.FromitsfoundationRome,althoughlosingoccasionalbattles,hadbeenundefeatedinwaruntil386BC,whenitwasbrieflyoccupiedbytheGauls.[13]Accordingtothelegend,theGaulsofferedtodeliverRomebacktoitspeopleforathousandpoundsofgold,buttheRomansrefused,preferringtotakebacktheircitybyforceofarmsratherthaneveradmittingdefeat,afterwhichtheRomansrecoveredthecityinthesameyear.　　RomandominanceexpandedovermostofEuropeandtheshoresoftheMediterraneanSea,whileitspopulationsurpassedonemillioninhabitants.Foralmostathousandyears,Romewasthemostpoliticallyimportant,richestandlargestcityintheWesternworld,andremainedsoaftertheEmpirestartedtodeclineandwassplit,evenasitlostitscapitalstatustoMilanandthentoRavenna,andwassurpassedinprestigebytheEasterncapitalConstantinople.　　FalloftheEmpireandMiddleAges　　Fifteenth-centuryminiaturedepictingtheSackofRomeof410.　　WiththereignofConstantineI,theBishopofRomegainedpoliticalaswellasreligiousimportance,eventuallybecomingknownasthePopeandestablishingRomeasthecentreoftheCatholicChurch.AftertheSackofRomein410ADbyAlaricIandthefalloftheWesternRomanEmpirein476AD,RomealternatedbetweenByzantinecontrolandplunderingbyGermanicbarbarians.Itspopulationdeclinedtoamere20,000duringtheEarlyMiddleAges,reducingthesprawlingcitytogroupsofinhabitedbuildingsinterspersedamonglargeareasofruinsandvegetation.RomeremainednominallypartoftheByzantineEmpireuntil751ADwhentheLombardsfinallyabolishedtheExarchateofRavenna.In756,PepintheShortgavethePopetemporaljurisdictionoverRomeandsurroundingareas,thuscreatingthePapalStates.In846,MuslimArabsinvadedRomeandlootedSt.Peter'sBasilica.[14]　　RomeremainedthecapitalofthePapalStatesuntilitsannexationbytheKingdomofItalyin1870;thecitybecameamajorpilgrimagesiteduringtheMiddleAgesandthefocusofstrugglesbetweenthePapacyandtheHolyRomanEmpirestartingwithCharlemagne,whowascrowneditsfirstemperorinRomein800byPopeLeoIII.ApartfrombriefperiodsasanindependentcityduringtheMiddleAges,RomekeptitsstatusasPapalcapitaland"holycity"forcenturies,evenwhenthePapacybrieflyrelocatedtoAvignon(1309–1377).　　RenaissanceRome　　Thelatterhalfofthe15thcenturysawtheseatoftheItalianRenaissancemovetoRomefromFlorence.ThePapacywantedtoequalandsurpassthegrandeurofotherItaliancitiesandtothisendcreatedevermoreextravagantchurches,bridgesandpublicspaces,includinganewSaintPeter'sBasilica,theSistineChapel,PonteSisto(thefirstbridgetobebuiltacrosstheTibersinceantiquity),andPiazzaNavona.ThePopeswerealsopatronsoftheartsengagingsuchartistsasMichelangelo,Perugino,Raphael,Ghirlandaio,LucaSignorelli,BotticelliandCosimoRosselli.　　TheperiodwasalsoinfamousforpapalcorruptionwithmanyPopesfatheringchildren,andengaginginnepotismandsimony.ThecorruptionofthePopesandtheextravaganceoftheirbuildingprojectsled,inpart,totheReformationand,inturn,theCounter-reformation.　　TowardsthereunificationofItaly　　GaribaldidefendstheRomanRepublicin1849.　　Italybecamecaughtupinthenationalisticturmoilofthe19thcenturyandtwicegainedandlostashort-livedindependence.RomebecamethefocusofhopesofItalianreunificationwhentherestofItalywasreunitedundertheKingdomofItalywithatemporarycapitalatFlorence.In1861RomewasdeclaredthecapitalofItalyeventhoughitwasstillunderthecontrolofthePope.Duringthe1860sthelastvestigesofthePapalstateswereunderFrenchprotection.Anditwasonlywhenthiswasliftedin1870,owingtotheoutbreakoftheFranco-PrussianWar,thatItaliantroopswereabletocaptureRome.　　20thcentury　　AfteravictoriousWorldWarI,RomewitnessedtherisetopowerofItalianfascismguidedbyBenitoMussolini,whomarchedonthecityin1922,eventuallydeclaringanewEmpireandallyingItalywithNaziGermany.Thiswasaperiodofrapidgrowthinpopulation,from212,000peopleatthetimeofunificationtomorethan1,000,000,butthistrendwashaltedbyWorldWarII,duringwhichRomewasdamagedbybothAlliedforcesbombingandNazioccupation.AftertheexecutionofMussoliniandtheendofthewar,a1946referendumabolishedthemonarchyinfavouroftheItalianRepublic.　　Romegrewmomentouslyafterthewar,asoneofthedrivingforcesbehindthe"Italianeconomicmiracle"ofpost-warreconstructionandmodernisation.Itbecameafashionablecityinthe1950sandearly1960s,theyearsofladolcevita("thesweetlife"),andanewrisingtrendinpopulationcontinuedtillthemid-1980s,whenthecommunehadmorethan2,800,000residents;afterthat,populationstartedtoslowlydeclineasmoreresidentsmovedtonearbysuburbs.　　应该符合要求
  7 讨论(0)
  发布评论:

  提交评论

  ---

  •  加载中...
• 

  深知我不好i

  2021-06-30 20:02
  10thcenturyBCtothe7thcenturyBC,theItalianpeninsulainamulti-ethnic,multi-culturaleraofintertwined."AncientItaly"isoneofthemostimportantgroup.About1000BCintheBronzeAge,theycrossthenorthernandeasternpartsoftheAlpsandtheAdriaticSeatoreachItaly,andbrutallyforcedmanylocalindigenoustribesofmovementabroad.Atfirsttheylivedanomadiclife,buthasbeenmakingbronze,theuseofhorsesandcartswithwheelsofskills.ArrivedinItaly,theyformedafarming-basedwayoflife.Thiswayoflifeintothenextcentury,afewoftheirmainwayoflifeoffuturegenerations,untilthedeclineofRomancivilization."AncientItaly"byafewethniccomposition,includingSabine,UmbriaandLatin.9thcenturyBCandthe8thcenturyBC,theItalianpeninsula,therehavebeentwoofthenewnation:GreekandEtruscan.ThattheancientEtruscanpeoplefromtheEastAnatolia,anumberofarchaeologicaldiscoveries,confirmedthis.Fromtheorigin,itseemsthattheyarenotancientItaly,justastheyarenotIndo-Europeanlanguage,theircivilization,amixtureofEastandWestfromavarietyoffactors.Weilangnuowawell-knownrepresentativeoftheEtruscancivilizationwerethefirststageofdevelopment,fromwhichwecanseetheminthenewterritoriesachievedremarkableprogressinculture.Thisnewterritoryislocatedinthenorth-eastItalyandtheApenninemountainsbetweentheSeaandthecoastalplainregion.Etruscanpeopleliveinanindependent,powerfulcity-state,usuallybetweenthecity-statealliance.Theseinitialcity-stateruledbyamonarchy,andlaterbecameadoptedbytheParliamentandtheelectedofficialsoftheimplementationoftheruleofoligarchy.Etruscanpeoplehavebeenfarmingtribes,havewell-organizedarmy,theyusethearmytorulethenationaroundthesametime,theyliketooperatethebusinessandengagedinhandicrafts.TuscanyandnorthernpartsoftheLatiumregionoftheEtruscanpeopleshouldbethefirsttosettle.AsmallpartoftheLatininthisterritoryatthesouthernendoftheproliferationofinterest-bearing,wheretheultimateestablishmentofthecityofRome.Therefore,theEtruscancivilizationintheheydayofthevillageisonlytheRomans,withtheEtruscanlanguage,thoughtandreligionarecloselylinked:peopleareRomanEtruscancivilizationtoculturehavetransformedAuniquemostimportant.Ontheotherhand,inthe16thcenturyBCto11thcenturyBCMycenaeancivilizationbetweentheperiodofGreeksinsouthernItalyandcentralChinanavigatingcoastalareas,followedbyaperiodofstagnationmakestheirvoyagecometoanend.IntheWestbecauseoftraderoutesandcompetitionPhoenicians,whoestablishedanewbasefortrade,theninthe8thcenturyBC,sothatthefulldevelopmentofthecolony.TheyarethefirsthorseinItalyisCoosa(intheBayofNaplesYisijierIsland)toestablishacolonyagainafteraslightforcestoadvancenorthtoSicilyandthemainlandofkumicoastalareasinsouthernItaly.WiththecontactswiththeGreeks,theEtruscanpeoplewillsoonbecomemoremature,theycreateatextaccordingtotheGreekalphabettoformitsownstyleofpaintingandsculpture,tothedevelopmentoftheGreekgodsweretobebasedonreligiousbeliefsAndasetofwell-gazeoftheceremony.Later,allofwhichwereinheritedfromtheRomans.
  6 讨论(0)
  发布评论:

  提交评论

  ---

  •  加载中...

验证码

 看不清?

提交回复